The lower-income workers do not receive any kind of benefits from liberalization. The global phenomenon is a kind of contradiction because:
“First, although income levels have risen for the lower middle classes, their purchasing power has remained relatively stagnant due to high inflation and high interest rates. Second, there has emerged easier access to credit for this group, yet this has come at the expense of monthly repayments and high interest rates which they feel traps them in the cycle of consumerism and debt. Third, this group has greater desire to purchase consumer goods but their aspirations are not met due to debt concerns”,
reference:
Gangury-Scrase & Scrase 1999. http://sociology.snu.ac.kr/isdpr/publication/journal/28-2/5Ruchira.pdf checked on May 17, 2009.
Gangury-Scrase & Scrase 1999. http://sociology.snu.ac.kr/isdpr/publication/journal/28-2/5Ruchira.pdf checked on May 17, 2009.
2. How is the situation for workers in India today? Provide references.
“India has a very large pool of scientific and technical personnel. Around 20 percent of the Fortune 500 companies have research and development operations in India. Most managers and technicians, and many skilled workers, speak English. Most multinationals recruit managerial and engineering staff locally for their Indian operations. Nonetheless, illiteracy acts as a brake on labor productivity in the workforce as a whole. India is a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and adheres to 37 ILO conventions that protect workers’ rights. The Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 governs industrial relations. Workers may form or join unions of their choice. The Factories Act regulates working conditions. Other laws regulate employment of women and children and prohibit bonded labor.
Although there are more than 7 million unionized workers, unions represent less than one-fourth of the workers in the organized sector (primarily in state-owned concerns), and less than two percent of the total work force. Most unions are linked to political parties. Worker-days lost to strikes and lockouts have dropped 50 percent during the decade 1991 -2000 from the previous decade. Industrial wages range from about $3.50 per day for unskilled workers, to over $150 per month for skilled production workers”.
India. Political Risk Yearbook: India Country Forecast; 2009, preceding p2-22, 65p
“Workers in the informal economy are not recognized and protected through labour legislation. They do not have fixed hours of work, fixed income or salary, work agreements, compensation etc. They do not have respect in the society and they face harassment in their work place. They do not have the place to represent their views. Neither the social security schemes cover these workers nor do they have access to finance resources through credits from banks and financial institutions. Street vendors face harassment from police and government authority.
Government of India recognized the role of trade unions in the informal economy. Hence trade unions have the right to represent the workers in the informal economy in identifying the worker and the work activities. Major trade unions like Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), and Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) organize the workers in the form of trade unions”.
Informal workers in India: http://www.ycwindia.org/index2.php option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=16. Checked on May 17, 2009.
“India has a very large pool of scientific and technical personnel. Around 20 percent of the Fortune 500 companies have research and development operations in India. Most managers and technicians, and many skilled workers, speak English. Most multinationals recruit managerial and engineering staff locally for their Indian operations. Nonetheless, illiteracy acts as a brake on labor productivity in the workforce as a whole. India is a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and adheres to 37 ILO conventions that protect workers’ rights. The Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 governs industrial relations. Workers may form or join unions of their choice. The Factories Act regulates working conditions. Other laws regulate employment of women and children and prohibit bonded labor.
Although there are more than 7 million unionized workers, unions represent less than one-fourth of the workers in the organized sector (primarily in state-owned concerns), and less than two percent of the total work force. Most unions are linked to political parties. Worker-days lost to strikes and lockouts have dropped 50 percent during the decade 1991 -2000 from the previous decade. Industrial wages range from about $3.50 per day for unskilled workers, to over $150 per month for skilled production workers”.
India. Political Risk Yearbook: India Country Forecast; 2009, preceding p2-22, 65p
“Workers in the informal economy are not recognized and protected through labour legislation. They do not have fixed hours of work, fixed income or salary, work agreements, compensation etc. They do not have respect in the society and they face harassment in their work place. They do not have the place to represent their views. Neither the social security schemes cover these workers nor do they have access to finance resources through credits from banks and financial institutions. Street vendors face harassment from police and government authority.
Government of India recognized the role of trade unions in the informal economy. Hence trade unions have the right to represent the workers in the informal economy in identifying the worker and the work activities. Major trade unions like Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), and Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) organize the workers in the form of trade unions”.
Informal workers in India: http://www.ycwindia.org/index2.php option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=16. Checked on May 17, 2009.
3. How cultural globalization has affected Indian in the last 2 decades?
As we can read in the following paragraph, globalization has affected India in a very positive way, opening people mindsets and giving Indians the path for excellence:
“The foreign direct investment (FDI) that India gets today is about US$4 per Indian per year. The direct influence of globalization has not been what is typically believed to be the case in the West: that MNCs are taking over the poor countries. But what this $4 brings is a spark that is catapulting India into a country that most Indians two decades ago would have called a fantasy world. MNCs control a tiny fraction of the economy, but they have set new benchmarks for excellence, not only in terms of technical advancement, but more importantly, in terms of challenging the social mindsets and work ethics of the population”.
Globalization and India.Preview By: Bhandari, Jayant. Canadian Manager, Spring2007, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p10-11, 2p; (AN 25919449
As we can read in the following paragraph, globalization has affected India in a very positive way, opening people mindsets and giving Indians the path for excellence:
“The foreign direct investment (FDI) that India gets today is about US$4 per Indian per year. The direct influence of globalization has not been what is typically believed to be the case in the West: that MNCs are taking over the poor countries. But what this $4 brings is a spark that is catapulting India into a country that most Indians two decades ago would have called a fantasy world. MNCs control a tiny fraction of the economy, but they have set new benchmarks for excellence, not only in terms of technical advancement, but more importantly, in terms of challenging the social mindsets and work ethics of the population”.
Globalization and India.Preview By: Bhandari, Jayant. Canadian Manager, Spring2007, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p10-11, 2p; (AN 25919449
4. Describe India’s Green Revolution.
“The term "Green Revolution" is applied to the period from 1967 to 1978. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But starvation deaths were still being reported in the newspapers. In a perfect case of Malthusian economics, population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution.
"Green Revolution" is a general term that is applied to successful agricultural experiments in many Third World countries. It is NOT specific to India. But it was most successful in India. There were three basic elements in the method of the India’s Green Revolution: (1) Continued expansion of farming areas; (2) Double-cropping existing farmland; (3) Using seeds with improved genetics.
The Green Revolution created plenty of jobs not only for agricultural workers but also industrial workers by the creation of lateral facilities such as factories and hydro-electric power stations as explained above”.
India's Green Revolution: Economics Gains and Political Costs (Book).Preview By: Blyn, George. Economic Development & Cultural Change, Jan1974, Vol. 22 Issue 2, p358, 7p; (AN 6284686)
5. Did the British Raj enriched or impoversih India? Justify.
There are the 2 sides of the story, each saying what benefits them, for instance, the British say that they “built” India, and the Indians arguing against the theft and abuse committed against them:
Indians point of view:
“There has been a torrent of commentary condemning the pukka sahibs of the Raj -- for their arrogance; for their racial superiority; for mercantilist policies that enriched Britain and impoverished India; for a policy of divide and rule that aggravated tensions between Hindus and Muslims; for Amritsar, of course, and for usurping by conquest what never belonged to them”.
British point of view:
“In the balance of history, Britain may have endowed India with more than it took away, in the form of the country's parliamentary institutions, its administrative system, its railways, its passion for cricket and, perhaps above all, for the gift of the English language. India, through its own failures since 1947, has forfeited the right to be too harsh on its colonial masters, they say”.
The NEW YORK TIMES. “India and England Beg to Differ; Tiptoeing Through the Time of the Raj”. By JOHN F. BURNS. Published: Sunday, October 19, 1997.
“The term "Green Revolution" is applied to the period from 1967 to 1978. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But starvation deaths were still being reported in the newspapers. In a perfect case of Malthusian economics, population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution.
"Green Revolution" is a general term that is applied to successful agricultural experiments in many Third World countries. It is NOT specific to India. But it was most successful in India. There were three basic elements in the method of the India’s Green Revolution: (1) Continued expansion of farming areas; (2) Double-cropping existing farmland; (3) Using seeds with improved genetics.
The Green Revolution created plenty of jobs not only for agricultural workers but also industrial workers by the creation of lateral facilities such as factories and hydro-electric power stations as explained above”.
India's Green Revolution: Economics Gains and Political Costs (Book).Preview By: Blyn, George. Economic Development & Cultural Change, Jan1974, Vol. 22 Issue 2, p358, 7p; (AN 6284686)
5. Did the British Raj enriched or impoversih India? Justify.
There are the 2 sides of the story, each saying what benefits them, for instance, the British say that they “built” India, and the Indians arguing against the theft and abuse committed against them:
Indians point of view:
“There has been a torrent of commentary condemning the pukka sahibs of the Raj -- for their arrogance; for their racial superiority; for mercantilist policies that enriched Britain and impoverished India; for a policy of divide and rule that aggravated tensions between Hindus and Muslims; for Amritsar, of course, and for usurping by conquest what never belonged to them”.
British point of view:
“In the balance of history, Britain may have endowed India with more than it took away, in the form of the country's parliamentary institutions, its administrative system, its railways, its passion for cricket and, perhaps above all, for the gift of the English language. India, through its own failures since 1947, has forfeited the right to be too harsh on its colonial masters, they say”.
The NEW YORK TIMES. “India and England Beg to Differ; Tiptoeing Through the Time of the Raj”. By JOHN F. BURNS. Published: Sunday, October 19, 1997.
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